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Teladan Kebangsaan KH. Hasyim Asy’ari

Jun 4, 2021

Oleh: Ust. Masykurufin Hafidz (Direktur Perhimpunan Pengembangan Pesantren dan Masyarakat)

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karebaindonesia.id – Tangan (kekuasaan) dan anugerah Allah SWT bersama jama’ah (kelompok yang terorganisir). Jika di antara jama’ah ada yang mengucilkan diri, maka setan akan menerkamnya sebagaimana srigala menerkam kambing, (HR. Imam Thabranîy).

Hadis di atas hendak menegaskan bahwa, organisasi ataupun kejama’ahan dan kejam’iyyahan merupakan hal mutlak dalam kehidupan. Sebagaimana ditulis dalam Al-Qânûn Al-Asâsîy Li Jam’iyyah Nahdlatul Ulâmâ, pertemuan dan saling mengenal, persatuan dan kekompakan dalam suatu kelompok yang terorganisir sangatlah dibutuhkan dan bermanfaat.
Melalui berkelompok, seseorang bisa menutupi segala kekurangannya sekaligus mewujudkankemaslahatan hajat orang banyak. Berangkat dari nilai-nilai di atas, KH ko Asy’ari (1871-1947) yang biasa disebut dengan Mbah Hasyim membangun masyarakat melalui pesantren Tebuireng (1899). Di pesantren ini Mbah Hasyim mengatur kurikulum pesantren, mengatur strategi pengajaran, memutuskan persoalan-persoalan aktual kemasyarakatan dan mengarang kitab.

Pada tahun 1919, ketika masayarakat sedang dilanda informasi tentang koperasi sebagai bentuk kerjasama ekonomi, Mbah Hasyim tidak berdiam diri. Beliau aktif berniaga serta mencari solusi alternatif bagi pengembangan ekonomi umat, dengan berdasarkan pada kitab-kitab Islam klasik. Beliau membentuk badan semacam koperasi yang bernama Syirkatul Inan li Murâbathati Ahli At-Tujjâr, disingkat SKN.

Di antara syarat yang berlaku dalam perserikatan ini ialah pembagian keuntungan tiap tahun sekali. Separuh keuntungan dibagi berdasar besaran modal masing-masing. Separuhnya lagi dikembalikan pada modal bersama untuk mengembangkan kebesaran perserikatan. Selaku pimpinan syirkah ialah KH Hasyim Asy’ari dan Bendahara ialah Abdul Wahab Hasbullah. Dengan demikian Mbah Hasyim telah membangun dua pilar kehidupan masyarakat yang unggul, yaitu pilar pencerahan pikiran (tashwîrul afkâr) sebagai fajar kebangkitan melalui pengajaran yang diberikan setiap hari, dan pilar kemandirian ekonomi masyarakat yang dicontohkan melalui keterlibatan langsung dalam perniagaan di tengah masyarakat kampung dan pasar tradisional.
Bagi umat Islam secara umum dan bangsa Indonesia khususnya, ada dua hal dari sepak terjang Mbah Hasyim yang harus diperhatikan. Pertama, seruan Resolusi Jihad untuk memerangi para penjajah. Seruan ini dikeluarkan untuk mempertahankan kemerdekaan dan kedaulatan Negara Kesatuan Republik Indonesia (NKRI). Pada tanggal 23 Oktober 1945, atas nama Pengurus Besar NU, Mbah Hasyim, mendeklarasikan seruan jihad fî sabîlillâh.

Peristiwa ini kemudian dikenal dengan istilah Resolusi Jihad. Ada tiga poin penting dalam Resolusi Jihad. Pertama, setiap muslim yang berada di radius 94 km dengan penjajah wajib memerangi orang kafir yang merintangi kemerdekaan Indonesia. Sedangkan kewajiban berjihad bagi umat Islam yang berada di luar radius di atas merupakan fardhu kifâyah (kewajiban kolektif). Kedua, pejuang yang mati dalam perang kemerdekaan layak disebut syuhâdâ. Ketiga, warga Indonesia yang memihak penjajah dianggap sebagai pemecah belah persatuan nasional dan harus dihukum mati.

Fatwa jihad yang ditulis dengan huruf pegon (huruf Arab Jawa) itu kemudian digelorakan Bung Tomo melalui radio dan mendapat respons yang luar biasa. Ribuan kiai dan santri dari berbagai daerah mengalir ke Surabaya. Sedemikian dahsyat perlawanan umat Islam, sampai salah seorang komandan pasukan India, Ziaul Haq (kelak menjadi Presiden Republik Islam Pakistan) heran menyaksikan kiai dan santri bertakbir sambil mengacungkan senjata. Sebagai sesama muslim, hati Ziaul Haq terenyuh. Dia pun menarik diri dari medan perang. Sikap Ziaul Haq itu membuat pasukan Inggris kacau balau.

Fatwa Mbah Hasyim yang ditulis pada 17 September 1945 ini kemudian dijadikan keputusan NU pada 22 November yang diperkuat lagi pada muktamar ke-16 di Purwekorto (1946). Dalam pidato di hadapan peserta muktamar, Mbah Hasyim menyatakan, bahwa syariat Islam tidak akan bisa dilaksanakan di negeri yang terjajah. Kerangka pemikiran seperti inilah yang kemudian menjadi salah satu dasar umat Islam Indonesia untuk terus merawat Pancasila dan UUD ’45, terutama NU yang memang mempunyai saham besar bagi lahirnya negeri ini.

Kedua, sepak terjang Mbah Hasyim untuk melindungi kepentingan umat Islam secara umum. Pada tahun 1924, contohnya, situasidi Timur Tengah menuntut Mbah Hasyimdan kaum tradisional bertindak. Mereka menanggapi dua peristiwa besar yang menyangkut agama Islam, penghapusan kekhilafahan Islam di Turki dan serbuan kaum Wahabi ke Mekah. Bagi kaum muslim tradisionalis, yang terpenting adalah mempertahankan tata cara ibadah keagamaan yang pada umumnya dipertanyakan oleh kaum Wahabi puritan, seperti membangun kuburan, berziarah, membaca doa seperti dalâilal-khairât, dan lain sebagainya. Begitu juga kepercayaan terhadap parawali.

KongresAl-Islam Indonesia bulan Januari 1926 di Bandung menolak gagasan yang menyarankan agar usul-usul kaum tradisional seperti di atas dibawa oleh delegasi Indonesia. Penolakan itu mendorong kaum tradisional membentuk sebuah komite tersendiri (Komite Hijaz) untuk mewakili mereka di hadapan Raja Ibn Sa’ud.

Untuk memudahkan tugas ini, padatanggal 31 Januari 1926 diputuskan untuk membentuk suatu organisasi yang mewakili Islam tradisionalis, yaitu Nahdlatoel Oelama (NO) atau NU dalam istilah sekarang. Mandat yang dibawa oleh delegasi untuk diserahkan kepada raja berisi permintaan mengenai empat hal sebagaimana berikut: Pertama, kemerdekaan bermazhab dengan memilih salah satu dari empat mazhab: Mazhab Hanafiy, Mazhab Malikiy, Mazhab Syafi’iy, dan Mazhab Hanbaliy. Kedua, tempat-tempat bersejarah tetap diperhatikan, seperti tempat kelahiran Siti Fatimah, makam Nabi Muhammad SAW dan dua sahabatnya. Ketiga, meminta penjelasan mengenai kepastian tarif naik haji. Keempat, meminta penjelasan tertulis mengenai “hukum yang berlaku di Negeri Hijaz”.

Dalam surat balasannya,yang dikabulkan Raja Sa’ud adalah permintaan pertama soal empat mazhab. Sedangkan hal-hal lainnya tidak mendapatkan tanggapan. Namun demikian, makam Nabi Muhammad SAW dan dua sahabatnya tidak diganggu.

Oleh karenanya,umat Islam patut bersyukur karena hingga hari ini masih bisa berziarah ke makam Nabi Muhammad SAW beserta dua sahabatnya, sahabat Abu Bakar dan sahabat Umar (bagi yang mampu). Juga tidak kalah penting untuk disyukuri, karena umat Islam dan bangsa Indonesia mempunyai tokoh seperti Mbah Hasyim beserta kelompoknya yang terus membela kepentingan umat Islam dan bangsa Indonesia.

Sudah sepantasnya, bila semua pihak meneladani apa yang telah dilakukan oleh Mbah Hasyim. Dimana kepentingan bangsa dan umat senantiasa dikedepankan di atas kepentingan-kepentingan yang lain dan terus diperjuangkan.

By Muhsin El Shaarawy

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